MMZ enforcement not optimum due to lack of coordination - audit report

Bernama: Published 14 Jul 2020

The lack of coordination between enforcement departments and agencies, in terms of sharing of information, and insufficient assets are among the reasons why enforcement operations in the Malaysian Maritime Zone (MMZ) have not reached optimum efficiency.

The Auditor-General’s Report 2018 Series 3 stated that apart from damaged assets, the vast MMZ area also made it difficult for security and enforcement activities to be carried out.

“This is why activities like the smuggling of goods, encroachment and smuggling of undocumented migrants and incursions by fishermen are still happening in the ZMM,” said the report.

It added that damage to 34.6 percent of the ships and boats also affected the efficiency and effectiveness of operations in ZMM, while 11.7 percent of vessels or boats owned by the Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency (MMEA), Royal Malaysia Police Marine Team and Department of Fisheries (DOF) were also damaged and have not undergone maintenance due to insufficient allocation.

The report further stated that there was no Malaysian Maritime Sea Surveillance System in the waters off the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak and east coast of Sabah to monitor any encroachment and smuggling activities in the zone.

It also said that there was no centralised collection and coordination of information among all the departments and agencies for enforcement purposes.

The report also revealed that Chinese Coast Guard vessels were detected to have encroached into the country’s waters 89 times from 2016 to 2019 and their presence had been identified to be related to claims over the South China Sea, especially the Beting Patinggi Ali area (BPA).

“Five diplomatic protest notes have been issued to China for trespassing into Malaysian waters following 29 reports lodged by the Royal Malaysian Navy (RMN) from 2018 to 2019,” the report added.

Thus, the report stated that the intrusion by China, especially in the BPA, was a serious threat to the sovereignty and security of the MMZ.

“Although the RMN has shown, through its presence in the area, that it will protect the sovereignty of the waters off BPA, it is not an enforcement agency.

“Accordingly, the MMEA should be at the BPA area at all times to carry out enforcement and give the Malaysian government an advantage should there be any claims by China at the international level,” the report suggested.

- Bernama

- Malaysiakini

- https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/534357

Police going after errant officers

CID Chief Datuk Huzir Mohamed

By Farik Zolkepli on Thursday, 11 Jun 2020

KUALA LUMPUR: Bukit Aman is zeroing in on enforcement personnel who colluded with human smuggling syndicates following the arrests of 371 syndicate members during phase three of Ops Benteng, said Comm Datuk Huzir Mohamed (pic).

The Bukit Aman CID director said police have identified enforcement personnel involved with the human smugglers.

“We arrested 371 syndicate members comprising agents, transporters and those who prepared transit houses for illegal immigrants during the operation held from June 4 to June 7.

“The syndicate members were responsible for arranging the entry of illegal immigrants, especially those from Indonesia, Myanmar and Bangladesh, through land and sea, ” he told a press conference in Bukit Aman yesterday.

The police had started busting human trafficking syndicates since phase one of Ops Benteng from Jan 1 to March 17, before continuing in phase two from March 18 to June 3 during the movement control order (MCO) period, he added.“During phase two, the IGP instructed the CID to form a task force to curb the entry of illegal immigrants into the country, thus preventing the spread of the Covid-19 virus.

“The IGP had instructed as such, as intelligence indicated that more foreigners will attempt to return to Malaysia illegally after the Hari Raya Aidilfitiri celebrations, ” Comm Huzir said.

Since Jan 1,547 syndicate members, including 41 women aged between 20 and 70, were arrested, he added.

“Those detained were Malaysians, Indonesians, Bangladeshi, Myanmar nationals and Filipinos.

“We will step up our operations against human smuggling activities to cut the chain of the syndicate’s network.

“Our efforts are in line with the instructions from Prime Minister Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin for the authorities to tighten security at the country’s borders nationwide, ” said Comm Huzir.

Comm Huzir said the syndicate members were arrested under Sosma and investigated for joining organised crime syndicates.

He urged those with information on human smuggling activities to contact the Bukit Aman CID’s Anti-Trafficking in Persons and Anti-Smuggling of Migrants (Atipsom) unit (D3) at 0326101510 or the nearest police station.

On another matter, 26,366 people were detained for various violations since the start of the MCO, Comm Huzir said, adding that 78% of them, who were detained between March 18 and June 9 have been charged in court.

“Compounds were also issued to 10,875 people, including 3,098 issued at police stations and 1,762 compounds in the field, ” he said.

The Star
https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/06/11/police-going-after-errant-officers 

Covid-19 fears force separatists into ceasefire in south Thailand

Bernama on 5th April 2020

Thai-Malaysian border at Wang Prachan, Satun, Thailand. DChan Archives.

CORONAVIRUS | Southern Thailand's most powerful armed group, the Barisan Revolusi Nasional (BRN), has announced a ceasefire to enable humanitarian and medical access into areas affected by Covid-19 outbreak in the province.

In a statement, dated April 3, the shadowy armed group said it is taking measures “to cease all activities" effective Friday (April 3), for as long as "BRN is not attacked by Thai government personnel”.

"In order to create a safer and more suitable environment for the people of Patani for health care agencies and other organisations tasked with preventing and containing the outbreak of coronavirus, BRN is now taking measures to cease all activities," said the statement which was issued by the group's central secretariat.

According to BRN, the pandemic, which has claimed several lives in the southern province is the "principal enemy of the human race" and the group reiterated its commitment to cooperate in overcoming the disease.

"As a defender of the Patani Nation, BRN calls on the entire Patani Nation to strive to protect each other and their families as much as possible and to pray to the creator," said the statement, adding that it also has to preserve "our nation and descendants" from being infected by the virus.

The group said the current climate of anxiety and hardship faced by the people in Pattani is further aggravated by increasing military operations, which are "inhumane and senseless."

Thailand's Centre for Covid-19 Situation Administration (CCSA) has reported that 20 people in the Kingdom have died from the virus and 2,067 people infected.

Chan-O-Chan, Prime Minister of Thailand. Malaysiakini File Photos.

In a televised address, Thailand Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha (above) announced a nationwide curfew from 10pm until 4am effective April 3 in a bid to contain the virus which has wreaked havoc throughout the globe.

Facilitated by Malaysia, BRN and Thailand's peace dialogue panel had held historic meetings in Kuala Lumpur in January and March this year in the latest bid to forge peace in the violence-wracked provinces of Patani, Yala, Narathiwat and Songkla.

As the most influential armed group in southern Thailand, BRN has been blamed by Thai authorities for most of the armed-conflict related violence that happened in the southern provinces.

The armed conflict in southern Thailand, which borders northern Malaysia, has raged since 2004, claiming more than 7,000 lives.

- Bernama

- Mkini

- https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/518908

The 'Shadowlands' Of Southeast Asia's Illicit Networks: Meth, Dancing Queens And More

September 11, 2018

Ashley Westerman

Hello, Shadowlands

Inside the Meth Fiefdoms, Rebel Hideouts and Bomb-Scarred Party Towns of Southeast Asia

by Patrick Winn

Paperback, 414 pages

Southeast Asia's economy is booming, increasing at an average of 5 per cent per year. Thanks to an expanding consumer market, a young, robust workforce and increasing regional cooperation, it's only expected to grow.

But as it does, so do the region's black markets: drugs, human trafficking, animal trafficking. It's this world of underground organized crime that is the topic of journalist Patrick Winn's new book, "Hello, Shadowlands: Inside the Meth Fiefdoms, Rebel Hideouts and Bomb-Scarred Party Towns of Southeast Asia".

Based in Bangkok, Winn is the Asia correspondent for Public Radio International's The World and has spent a decade trying to understand how crime groups are allowed to thrive in a region where democracy is in retreat.

"When some people hear 'authoritarian rule,' they think squeaky-clean streets and no crime, but that's not the case," Winn tells NPR's Morning Edition.

In the book, Winn argues how and why "authoritarian, capitalist-style" governments are fertile ground for criminal networks to exist. He tells this story through drug fiefdoms in Myanmar that help fuel the world's largest methamphetamine trade, women selling illegal contraceptives in the Philippines and entertainers exported from North Korea to work in state-run restaurants across Southeast Asia — among others.

Winn argues that whether it's pushing hot-pink speed pills, snatching up people's pets to sell into Vietnam's dog meat market or taking up prostitution, people working outside the law "can oftentimes be quite relatable. They are all making rational choices in a rather extreme environment."

The following highlights from the interview are edited and condensed for clarity.

The EU plans to test an AI lie detector at border points

By Dani Deahl on 31st October 2018.

Illustration by James Bareham / The Verge

Trials for AI lie detection at border patrol checkpoints are set to begin soon in the EU. The program, called iBorderCtrl, will run for six months at four border crossing points in Hungary, Latvia and Greece with countries outside the European Union, as reported by Gizmodo.

iBorderCtrl is an EU-funded project that uses AI to facilitate faster border crossings for travellers. The system has users fill out an online application and upload some documents, like their passport, before a virtual border guard takes over to ask questions. According to New Scientist, some of these questions include “What’s in your suitcase?” and “If you open the suitcase and show me what is inside, will it confirm that your answers were true?” Travellers will answer while facing a webcam and the system will analyze and rate dozens of micro-gestures.

If iBorderCtrl determines the traveller is telling the truth, then they receive a QR code that will let them pass the border. If there is suspicion the traveller is lying, they’ll have biometric information was taken — including fingerprinting, palm vein reading, and face matching — before being passed to a human agent who will review their information and make an assessment.

The program is still considered highly experimental, and in its current state, will not prevent anyone from crossing over a border. Early testing of a previous iteration only had a 76 per cent success rate, but a member of the iBorderCtrl team told New Scientist that they are “quite confident” that can be raised to 85 per cent.

Even if that goal is reached, it leaves a large amount of room for error. But that’s not entirely surprising as studies have shown that many facial recognition algorithms have significant error rate issues and bias. These systems have also raised flags with civil liberties groups like the ACLU’s Border Litigation Project, who worry they might lead to more widespread surveillance.

- The Verge

- https://www.theverge.com/2018/10/31/18049906/eu-artificial-intelligence-ai-lie-detector-border-points-immigration

© 2020 Vox Media, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Thai policeman arrested as key suspect in human trafficking of Rohingya

Published on December 31, 2019, by Greeley Pulitze

Police have arrested a man who they believe has trafficked at least 200 Rohingya refugees into Thailand on their way to Malaysia.

56-year-old Charin Chuenchom was arrested over the weekend at a house in Ratchaburi, east of Bangkok. Chanin consequently confessed and was handed over to authorities for prosecution

The Rohingya are a stateless, mainly Muslim ethnic group living in Myanmar’s Rakhine State. They are not permitted to hold Burmese citizenship and have faced historical persecution culminating in the August 2017 attacks on them by the Burmese army (Tatmadaw). There were an estimated 1 million Rohingya in Myanmar before the 2016–17 crisis in which many fled, many by sea and others as refugees crossing the northern border into Bangladesh.

Thailand does not recognise Rohingya as refugees and in the past has arrested, detained and deported them back to Myanmar.

In 2013 the UN described the Rohingya as one of the most persecuted minorities in the world, comparing their conditions to apartheid and accusing the Tatmadaw of “genocide”.

Police believe Chanin was a key player in a human trafficking gang, including a former railway policeman, illegally moving Rohingya people out of Myanmar through Thailand to Malaysia. The Bangkok Post reports that they charged each migrant 12,000 baht for ‘safe’ passage to Malaysia.

“We believe the gang have smuggled Rohingya people into Thailand more than 20 times, with 10-15 people each time, and collected more than 4 million baht,” police told Bangkok Post.

Authorities arrested 14 Rohingya migrants and two Thai smugglers on a train in Nakhon Si Thammarat in January last year. They suspect Chanin used stolen identities to buy their train tickets. He’s been charged with smuggling migrants and human trafficking.

The train was headed for the Thai-Malaysian border. The migrants were extremely hungry as they had no food and only a little drinking water.

SOURCE: Chiang Rai Times | Bangkok Post

- The Thaiger
- https://thethaiger.com/hot-news/crime/thai-policeman-arrested-as-key-suspect-in-human-trafficking-of-rohingya

Police believe attack on Padang Besar border post retaliatory - IGP

Bernama; Published on October 31, 2019

The police believe the attack against the General Operations Force (GOF) guard post in Perlis, on Monday, was due to revenge, as cross-border criminals now found it difficult to smuggle goods out of the country.

Inspector-General of Police Abdul Hamid Bador said, however, the GOF personnel at the border were unfazed by such acts of intimidation.

“We will not tolerate them (smugglers) and I believe they will use firearms after this because it is difficult to smuggle.

"They did not shoot at people but shot the GOF guard post as a warning, as they were not allowed to smuggle," he said during a press conference in Bukit Aman.

Abdul Hamid said to improve enforcement at the border, the GOF should be supplied with a new Armoured Personnel Carrier (APC) to replace the current one which was 42 years old.

"I have informed the Home Ministry for the police to be supplied with a new APC so that they can safely patrol the country's border," he said.

Abdul Hamid said the GOF and members of the Special Branch had already consulted with Thai authorities to conduct an investigation and identify the suspects.

"Thai authorities have also assured that they would tighten security at the border areas," he said.

On Monday, the GOF guard post in Padang Besar was attacked with firecrackers at about 11.20 am and 12.40 pm, causing one of the windows to break.

- Bernama

- Mkini

- https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/498003

MACC exposes 'blatant' smuggling at Thai-M’sian border, police say probe underway

Annabelle Lee & Hariz Mohd; Published: 18 Oct 2019

• Updated with Bukit Aman’s response that officers implicated in the videos have been identified and taken action upon

Courtesy: worldofbuzz.com

The MACC unveiled a series of videos today which depicted smuggling activities happening across the Thai-Malaysian border in Padang Besar, Perlis.

The clips, which the anti-corruption agency said were handed to them recently, dated from 2017 to May this year.

They showed how enforcement officers would stand around or be occupied on their mobile phones as smugglers carried sacks of goods across the border in plain sight.

It also showed officers being approached by smugglers before they commenced smuggling activities.

In an immediate response, IGP Abdul Hamid Bador told Malaysiakini that Bukit Aman has since identified and taken action on the border security officers implicated in the clips. 

According to MACC’s analysis, smuggling was most rampant between 6am and 9am when enforcement officers changed shifts.

Among the things it believed was being brought illegally across the border were ketum leaves, petrol, fertiliser, flour, cooking oil and sundry items which were cheaper in Malaysia than in Thailand.

Addressing the press conference after playing the clips, MACC chief Latheefa Koya said that the videos showed “blatant” smuggling at the border and did not discount the possibility of more serious transborder crimes like human and drug trafficking.

The agency has since informed the police about its discovery.

“We have handed all video clips to the police. We will work with the IGP (Abdul Hamid) to take the necessary action.

“[...] (And) once we get the details from the police, we will take the necessary action (that is) within our jurisdiction.

“Of course, the police on their side will have to take the necessary action to step up and tighten the borders, which would include rotations, changing and everything else that we need to do,” she said.

“We believe the data we received also involves the Immigration Department, Customs Department and the National Security Council (MKN),” Latheefa added.

Police probe underway

When contacted, Abdul Hamid said that the police had initiated a probe into the clips since receiving them late last month, and was working closely with the MACC and MKN on the matter.

He added that the improvements had been made to the police’s standard operating procedures (SOPs) for those stationed at national borders and entry points.

Smugglers have also been arrested.

"Since the past four to five months, General Operations Force (PGA) officers at the borders had recorded many successes in crippling smuggling syndicates that were responsible in trafficking all sorts of contrabands, illicit cigarettes, drugs, exotic animals, firearms, immigrants.

"They also arrested smugglers who tried to give them money (in exchange for allowing their activities).

"Their (officers’) awareness to carry out their duties with full integrity had been showing more and more. (And) with the latest standing orders on their duty SOPs, I am confident that cases of leakages at our borders can be decreased drastically,” he said.

- Mkini

- https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/496400

UK truck deaths: How Vietnam is still a hotbed of people traffickers

Three years after Al Jazeera uncovered Vietnamese human trafficking practices to the UK, the business is still going strong.

by David Harrison on 28 Oct 2019.

UK police have charged the truck's 25-year-old driver with 39 counts of manslaughter [Hannah McKey/Reuters]

It was a terrifying way to die. The grim discovery of 39 people found frozen to death inside a container at the back of a truck in southern England earlier this month is a stark reminder of the risks people will take in search of a better life.

Police initially believed all the dead were Chinese citizens but more than 20 Vietnamese families, almost all from the same region, have since expressed fears that their loved ones were among the victims. Some say almost all of the 39 victims were Vietnamese.

British police have charged the truck's 25-year-old driver with 39 counts of manslaughter.

The regular and highly dangerous smuggling of people from Vietnam to the United Kingdom was revealed in a 2016 Al Jazeera documentary.

Britain's Modern Slave Trade revealed that Nghe An province - where families held a vigil for the truck victims last week - is a hotbed of people traffickers.

In one of Vietnam's poorest regions, criminal gangs often exploit young people who are desperate to go to Western Europe and send money back to their families.

Our undercover operatives in Vietnam, posing as a young couple who wanted to work in the UK, met a people-trafficker in Vinh City. She calmly assured them that she could arrange for the pair to go to England for $32,000. 

The people-trafficker in Vinh City told our undercover reporters that her contacts would arrange for the couple to fly from Hanoi to Russia where they would pretend to be foreign students or join a tour group.

From Russia, they would then be driven to Europe and on to the UK.

"I will arrange for you to get to Russia, then take a car to Poland, Germany and then France. Once in France, I will pick you up to go to England. I assure you, it's really safe," the trafficker said.

She calmly assured them that the journey would be easy and the whole process could take just a few weeks.

But the reality is that the weeks-long journey is fraught with danger. Physical and sexual abuse is common. Some make it safely to England, find jobs and are able to send money home. But many others are forced into modern-day slavery when they reach the UK.

The people-trafficker said she had a contact there who could offer our female undercover reporter a job in a nail salon.

The investigation revealed many Vietnamese women smuggled into the UK manage to find work in nail salons but some are made to work long hours for little or no pay - and are forced into prostitution in the evening.

As part of our investigation, another undercover Vietnamese reporter started working for no pay in a nail salon in Romford, eastern London.

Doused in petrol

Another worker at the nail salon told her she was smuggled into England in a truck.

She said that the truck "passengers" were doused in petrol to confuse the sniffer dogs at Channel ports, and they were told to wear adult-sized nappies as there was no break during the journey.

The investigation also revealed that many nail bars were run by criminal gangs who also operated cannabis farms generating millions of pounds a year. Vietnamese men were often put to work at these cannabis farms, unaware of the horrendous conditions they would be facing.

Our reporter expressed an interest in working at a cannabis farm and was put in touch with a Vietnamese teenager who was just 17, and looked after a "farm" in Ilford, eastern London.

Eventually, the reporter persuaded the cannabis "gardener" to show her his place of work. The "farm" was, in fact, an ordinary-looking suburban terraced house. Inside, almost every square inch was covered with cannabis plants.

The young "gardener" explained how cables are cut so criminals can steal the huge amount of electricity required to grow the plants.

He also explained how he was unable to leave the house, spoke no English, had his passport confiscated, slept on a mattress under the stairs and was brought food late at night by a member of the gang. He said he suffered from loneliness and depression.

"Staying in the house all the time is like being in prison," he said.

His dream was that one day he would make enough money to leave the cannabis "farm" and send money home to his family but he admitted the money he had been promised had not materialised.

The 39 deaths in the truck provide chilling evidence that the trafficking of people from Vietnam and other Asian countries continues.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR: David Harrison is a multi-award-winning British journalist based in London.

- AL JAZEERA NEWS

-https://www.aljazeera.com/blogs/europe/2019/10/uk-lorry-deaths-vietnam-hotbed-people-traffickers-191028074312098.html

Filipinos and the Malay world

Many of you may find it strange that I include this article, an opinionated editorial. Fear not. This article really describes the ethnic 'Malays', the Malay Archipelago and who are really the Malays in the greater archipelago especially that group of islands called the Philippines. This essay or article calls for the ethnic Filipinos to be understood (as being ethnic Malays) despite the differences of their locality, religion and colonialism. Hence, the Malaysian writer offered his findings on the status of Filipinos as was noted and documented in the 17th Century by a Filipino lawyer.

Without further explanation here's the opinion piece put up in the New Straits Times (NST):

Prime Minister Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad at a wreath-laying ceremony at the monument of Philippine national hero, Jose Rizal, during an official visit to the Philippines in March. Rizal’s discovery of a book in London in 1888 reconnected Malays in the Philippines to the Malay world. EPA PIC

Filipinos and the Malay world

By Datuk Dr A Murad Merican, September 12, 2019

THE discovery of a book in London in 1888 by Jose Rizal reconnected the Malays in the Philippines to the Malay world. It was titled, Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (Historical Events of the Philippine Islands), written by Antonio de Morga, a lawyer and official in the Philippines in the 17th century, and published in Mexico in 1609.

In the book, de Morga gave an idea of the connection between the people of Luzon and nearby islands to the rest of the Malay Archipelago. Based on the book, Rizal and his contemporaries then presented to their countrymen a clearer picture of how Malay the Filipinos were beyond the mere and trivial European categorisation of Filipinos as Malay.

The recently concluded two-day deliberations of the 6th International Conference on Culture and History, themed the “Colonial Period in the Malay Archipelago: Civilisational Issues”, was jointly organised by the Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilisation (ISTAC-IIUM) and the Malaysian Historical Society. It saw two papers (out of 15) resonating on the struggle of the Filipinos to be accepted as part of the Malay world.

Both papers made a plea to be part of the historical space called “Dunia Melayu” (or the Malay world) to cite Ian Christopher B. Alfonso, of the National Historical Commission of the Philippines. His paper was titled “Manila 50 Years After Magellan”.

Another paper, “Spanish Colonialism and the Emergence of the Hispanised Malay in the Philippines” was delivered by Dr Fernando A. Santiago Jr. of the Philippine Historical Association and De La Salle University. At one point during his presentation, Santiago declared, “I, Fernando A. Santiago Jr., am a Malay”.

Santiago spoke on the Malayness of the Filipinos and the “Hispanised Malay”, delving on the Filipino seeking an identity, like the Ilustrados or educated Filipinos, enlightened by liberalism in the 19th century.

While searching for their roots, they discovered their historical and racial ties with the rest of the region and began to consider themselves as belonging to the Malay race. The issue of their detached weltanschauung (world view) was raised as a result of Hispanisation and Christianisation, the legacies of the Spanish colonial order and further American colonisation complicate the matrix of Filipino identity.

Santiago reminded that until the 16th century, people from the Philippines were actively involved in the Malay world. The arrival of the Spaniards and later the Americans altered the “predictable course of its history”, and detached the people of the Philippine islands from the rest of the Malay Archipelago.

Manila was part of the Malay Archipelago. The capital of the Philippines since 1571, or 50 years after the episode of the Magellan-Elcano expedition, and we would add, the circumnavigation of Panglima Awang@Enrique de Malacca, Manila had close connections with Brunei, then a vast kingdom in Borneo.

The Spaniards recorded how connected the Manila royalty was with the royalty of the Brunei Sultanate, as well as the continuous sending of Muslim preachers to Manila by the sultanate of Aceh and the Ottoman Empire.

According to Alfonso in his Manila paper, the Spaniards colonised that part of the Malay Archipelago and introduced a completely new order to its inhabitants that were European and Christian and “even taking an extra leap to shut down Borneo, Melaka and Aceh from influencing the natives”.

This Spanish Dunia Melayu was called the Philippines, where its inhabitants were held as hostages, virtually cut off from the Malay world. Although the Spaniards had accidentally reached the Philippines in 1521 on their way to the Moluccas, it was only in 1565 when they began claiming islands in the Malay world, beginning with what was then known to the Spanish world — the unIslamised Visayas.

Alfonso’s account informs us of the Spaniard's progress when they were attempting to reach China and Japan. They learned of the farthest recorded Islamised place in the Malay Archipelago. That place is Luzon. The term “Moro”, then derogatory, was first ascribed by the Spaniards in Asia to the people of Luzon island.

After securing the island, the Spaniards moved southwards, to Brunei, Mindanao and Maluku. Mindanao was annexed to the Spanish world, only to be welcomed with formidable opposition by Sultan Kudarat of Cotabato and the generations of Muslims there until the end of Spanish rule. Maluku was abandoned by the Spaniards in 1663 to be conquered by the Dutch.

After the Spanish conquest of Manila in 1571, Luzon disappeared from the discourse of Islam in the Malay archipelago.

Alfonso took a swipe at Malaysian and Indonesian historians for neglecting “what happened to the Spanish Dunia Melayu or the Philippines from 1521 to 1571”.

Only a handful was written or mentioned, “or even not at all, by Indonesian and Malaysian historians about the politics and history of what we call the Philippines at that time. The Filipinos as Malays do not seem to be in the consciousness of the Malays in the rest of the Archipelago”.

Indeed, it was Malays in the Philippines who were the earliest to resist and be liberated from the Europeans, not the Japanese who marked their superiority when they defeated the Russians in 1905. They could have inspired the Japanese instead.

The bravery of Lapulapu, who defeated the Spaniards in the Visayan island of Mactan, resulting in the death of Magellan in 1521 earlier, inspired a consciousness to the nation.

The declaration of independence of the Philippines on June 12, 1898, evoked the memory of the victory of Mactan as if taking pride that the Spanish colony in the Malay Archipelago, named the Philippines, learned to be free and introduced in Asia the then wave of nationalism.

The death of Magellan was a reminder to the Filipinos that their war against Spain and the United States was also a war on behalf of the oppressed Malays, battered by centuries of colonisation.

What has been resonated is the struggle of the Filipinos to reintegrate “ourselves as part of the Malay world”.

muradmerican@gmail.comy

The writer is a professor at ISTAC-IIUM and the first recipient of the Honorary President Resident Fellowship at the Perdana Leadership Foundation

- The NST

- https://www.nst.com.my/opinion/columnists/2019/09/520693/filipinos-and-malay-world